Learn how to use the past tense with transitive and intransitive verbs
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| Upper Beginner Season 1 Lesson 5, Are You Losing Sleep Over the Indian Cricket Team? |
| INTRODUCTION |
| Brandon: Hi everyone. I'm Brandon and welcome back to HindiPod101.com. This is Upper Beginner, Season 1, Lesson 5: Are You Losing Sleep Over the Indian Cricket Team? |
| Ayesha: Namaste, I'm Ayesha. |
| Brandon: In this lesson, you’ll learn about the differences in the past tense for transitive and intransitive verbs. This conversation takes place inside a cafe. |
| Ayesha: The speakers are good friends. |
| Brandon: Since they're close friends, they'll be using casual Hindi. Let’s listen to the conversation. |
Lesson conversation |
|---|
| A: चल अभी क्या करें? वड़ा पाव खाने चले? |
| B: वैसे मैं काफ़ी थक गयी हूँ। |
| A: क्युँ ठीक से सोइ नहीं क्या कल रात? |
| B: हाँ, कल रात मैं देर से सोई। उपर से सुबह मोहल्ले में इतनी अावाज़ थी कि आवाज़ ने भोर में ही जगा दी । |
| A: कैसी अावाज़? |
| B: क्रिकेट मैच पे सब चिल्ला रहे थे। हम जीतें तो सब पटाखेँ फोड़ने लगे। |
| A: तो कॉफी पिएगी? |
| B: आज रहने दे, मैं घर निकलती हूँ अब, वरना यहीं नींद आ जाएगी। |
| Brandon: Let’s hear the conversation one time slowly. |
| A: चल अभी क्या करें? वड़ा पाव खाने चले? |
| B: वैसे मैं काफ़ी थक गयी हूँ। |
| A: क्युँ ठीक से सोइ नहीं क्या कल रात? |
| B: हाँ, कल रात मैं देर से सोई। उपर से सुबह मोहल्ले में इतनी अावाज़ थी कि आवाज़ ने भोर में ही जगा दी । |
| A: कैसी अावाज़? |
| B: क्रिकेट मैच पे सब चिल्ला रहे थे। हम जीतें तो सब पटाखेँ फोड़ने लगे। |
| A: तो कॉफी पिएगी? |
| B: आज रहने दे, मैं घर निकलती हूँ अब, वरना यहीं नींद आ जाएगी। |
| Brandon: Now let’s hear it with the English translation. |
| A: चल अभी क्या करें? वड़ा पाव खाने चले? |
| Brandon: Okay, what do you want to do now? Should we go eat vada pav? |
| B: वैसे मैं काफ़ी थक गयी हूँ। |
| Brandon: I'm actually quite tired. |
| A: क्युँ ठीक से सोइ नहीं क्या कल रात? |
| Brandon: Why? Didn't you sleep properly last night? |
| B: हाँ, कल रात मैं देर से सोई। उपर से सुबह मोहल्ले में इतनी अावाज़ थी कि आवाज़ ने भोर में ही जगा दी । |
| Brandon: Yeah, I went to sleep late last night. On top of that, there was so much noise in the neighborhood that I woke up too early. |
| A: कैसी अावाज़? |
| Brandon: What kind of sounds? |
| B: क्रिकेट मैच पे सब चिल्ला रहे थे। हम जीतें तो सब पटाखेँ फोड़ने लगे। |
| Brandon: People were watching the cricket match and shouting. When our team won, everyone started bursting firecrackers. |
| A: तो कॉफी पिएगी? |
| Brandon: So do you want to get coffee? |
| B: आज रहने दे, मैं घर निकलती हूँ अब, वरना यहीं नींद आ जाएगी। |
| Brandon: Nevermind for today. I'll just head home now, or else I might just fall asleep here. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Brandon: Let’s talk a little about cricket—a subject that’s very important to Indians! The Indian national men’s cricket team is one of the top teams in the world, and their games are watched by millions of Indians. |
| Ayesha: And if the Indian team is playing an important match, you'll find people everywhere in shops, restaurants, and offices crowding around TV sets watching the game intently. |
| Brandon: People also watch other teams like Australia, Pakistan, England, and the West Indies play, and follow the updates in the world of cricket, right? |
| Ayesha: That’s right. Cricket players are more famous than movie stars around the country, and a few of them are considered cricketing legends. |
| Brandon: Who’s the most popular player? |
| Ayesha: The most famous player is Sachin Tendulkar, who entered international-level cricket at the age of sixteen! Tendulkar has many world records to his name and has been a sensation throughout his career. He's considered the best cricketer of his generation by many people, and he has just retired at the age of forty. |
| Brandon: There are many stories like this, and many children in India have the same dream. You can find children playing cricket during the day in any neighborhood, or on the streets, with makeshift wickets and pitches. Okay, let’s move on to the vocabulary. |
| VOCAB LIST |
| Brandon: Let's take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. The first word is... |
| Ayesha: थकना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: to get tired |
| Ayesha: थकना [slowly - broken down by syllable] थकना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next we have... |
| Ayesha: मोहल्ला [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: neighborhood |
| Ayesha: मोहल्ला [slowly - broken down by syllable] मोहल्ला [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: The next one is... |
| Ayesha: अावाज़ [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: sound or voice |
| Ayesha: अावाज़ [slowly - broken down by syllable] अावाज़ [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next... |
| Ayesha: भोर [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: early morning |
| Ayesha: भोर [slowly - broken down by syllable] भोर [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next we have... |
| Ayesha: चिल्लाना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: to shout |
| Ayesha: चिल्लाना [slowly - broken down by syllable] चिल्लाना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: The next word is... |
| Ayesha: जीतना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: to win |
| Ayesha: जीतना [slowly - broken down by syllable] जीतना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next... |
| Ayesha: पटाखें [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: firecrackers |
| Ayesha: पटाखें [slowly - broken down by syllable] पटाखें [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next we have... |
| Ayesha: फोड़ना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: to burst or to blow up. (transitive verb) |
| Ayesha: फोड़ना [slowly - broken down by syllable] फोड़ना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next... |
| Ayesha: वरना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: otherwise; or else |
| Ayesha: वरना [slowly - broken down by syllable] वरना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: And our last word is... |
| Ayesha: नीद [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: sleep |
| Ayesha: नीद [slowly - broken down by syllable] नीद [natural native speed] |
| KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES |
| Brandon: Let’s take a closer look at some of the key words and phrases from this lesson. |
| Ayesha: The first word is the verb THakNaa. |
| Brandon: It means “to get tired” or “to become tired.” It's an intransitive verb that describes the process of growing more tired. |
| Ayesha: To describe being completely tired, you'd add the auxiliary verb jaaNaa, so that THak jaaNaa together means “to be tired.” |
| Brandon: This verb is most commonly used with an auxiliary verb. |
| Ayesha: That’s right. To say “I'm tired,” you'd normally say main THak gayaa huun—if you're a man—or main THak gayii huun—if you're a woman. |
| Brandon: You wouldn’t really use the verb by itself in the present tense. |
| Ayesha: Also, in the past tense, vah THakii THii means “She’d been tired.” |
| Brandon: Auxiliary verbs add different nuances. |
| Ayesha: For example, if you say the same sentence with the verb hoNaa, which is "to be," you get vah THakii huii THii. |
| Brandon: This actually means, “She was tired.” |
| Ayesha: And if you use the verb jaaNaa, the meaning changes a little more. vah THak gayii THii means, “She had gotten tired.” |
| Brandon: Okay. What’s the next word? |
| Ayesha: The next word is varNaa, which means “or else” and “otherwise.” |
| Brandon: This word is used to explain some danger or make a threat. You can say things like, “Finish all your food, or else you can’t go play.” And the word is very easy to use—it simply joins the two verbal clauses. So, for example, you'd say “Finish your food...” |
| Ayesha: ...then varNaa... |
| Brandon: Then the next phrase, “you can’t go play.” |
| Ayesha: In Hindi, this is KhaaNaa khaTam karo varNaa, Tum kheLNe Nahiin jaaoge. |
| Brandon: This word is only used with things that can happen in the future. You can't use it to explain what would've happened otherwise, or anything in the past. |
| Ayesha: And for the clauses it joins, the second one must be in the future tense. |
| Brandon: Okay let’s move on to the grammar. |
Lesson focus |
| Brandon: In this lesson, you’ll learn about the past tense with transitive and intransitive verbs. |
| Ayesha: As we know already, transitive verbs are action words with a subject acting on an object. |
| Brandon: Right. “Eating” is a transitive action. Intransitive verbs don’t have clear subjects, or the object and subject are the same. “Going” is an intransitive action, because the action is applied to yourself. |
| Ayesha: In the present tense, the sentence constructions are similar for both, but in the past tense they change. Let’s learn the differences. |
| Brandon: The first rule is about the number and gender agreement of the verb. The transitive verb agrees with the object, and the intransitive verb agrees with the subject or actor. |
| Ayesha: For example, when I say, “I sang many songs,” using the transitive verb gaaNaa, it's conjugated to agree with the subject. In this case the subject—“songs”—is plural, so the verb will be gaae. As in, maiNe bahuT Se gaaNe gaae. |
| Brandon: Right, the verb will not change whether you're a man or a woman saying the same thing. |
| Ayesha: With an intransitive verb, this is the opposite. A man will say, “I went home,” as main ghar gayaa, but a woman will say, main ghar gayii. “We went home,” is ham ghar gae. |
| Brandon: It’s important to remember that “was” in Hindi... |
| Ayesha: ...which is THaa, THii, or THe is also intransitive, so the verb agreement is with the subject or actor. |
| Brandon: Right, so a simple sentence such as, “He was happy,” will be… |
| Ayesha: vah khus THaa. THaa meaning... |
| Brandon: “was” and it’s in the singular masculine, which matches with “he.” |
| Ayesha: Right. The next rule is about subject and object markers. In the past tense, a sentence with transitive verbs almost always uses the object marker ने (Ne) and often uses the subject marker को (ko) or some particle as a substitute. |
| Brandon: Because the markers or particles have to be used, the pronouns must change to their oblique forms. We can see this with the simple sentence, “What did you do?” |
| Ayesha: “To do” is karNaa and, as we know, this is a transitive verb. The object is “you” and the subject is “what,” so the verb will agree with “what.” |
| Brandon: That’s right. And then the object will use the object marker... |
| Ayesha: Ne. So, “you” TumNe in the familiar level, and aapNe in the polite level. “What” is kyaa, which is singular masculine. So the sentence in Hindi is TumNe kyaa kiya? Or, aapNe kyaa kiyaa? |
| Brandon: Where did we hear this in the conversation? |
| Ayesha: Rohan asks Alia, thiik Se Soii Nahiin kyaa? This means, “Didn't you sleep well?” Since the verb SoNaa means “to sleep,” and the object and subject are the same, this is an intransitive verb. |
| Brandon: This is why Rohan uses the verb in the singular feminine form, because the object is Alia. Listeners, make sure to check out the lesson notes to reinforce what you’ve learned in this lesson. |
Outro |
| Brandon: Well, that's all for our lesson. Thanks for listening, and we’ll see you next time. Bye! |
| Ayesha: Sukriyaa aur aLviDaa! |
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